ߥߍߡߑߤߍߙ ߝ߭ߐ߲ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫
ߥߍߡߑߤߍߙ ߝ߭ߐ߲ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߊߟߏߡߊ߲߫ ߞߋ߬ߥߎ߬ߣߍ߲߬ߞߋߥߎ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߡߏߦߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߁߂ ߕߙߊߓߊ ߂߃ ߡߊ߬ ߥߌߙߑߛߌߕߖ߭߸ ߔߐߛߑߣߊߣߌ߫߸ ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ, ߊ߬ ߛߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߇߇ ߥߊ߬ߛߌ߬ߥߙߊ ߁߆ ߡߊ߬ ߊߟߋߞߑߛߊ߲ߘߙߌߦߊ߫߸ ߝ߭ߌߙߑߗ߭ߣߌ߫.
| ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߘߌ߫ | ߔߋߔߊߞߟߌߔ ߘߐ߬ߓߛߏ߬ߟߌ  |
|---|---|
| ߖߊ߲߬ߕߌ߰ߦߊ | ߗߍ߭ |
| ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߬ߦߊ߬ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ | ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߣߊߖ߭ߌ, ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲, ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ, ߥߋߌߡߊߙ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲, West Germany |
| Allegiance | ߣߊߛ߭ߐ߲ߣߊߟ ߊߋߙߣߏߕߌߞ ߍ߲ߘ ߛߑߔߋߛ ߊߘߑߡߣߌߛߕߑߙ߭ߋߛ߭ߐ߲߬ |
| ߕߐ߮߸ ߛߌ߲ߡߌ߲ߞߊ߲ ߘߐ߫ | Wernher von Braun |
| ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߕߐ߮ | Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun |
| ߕߐ߮ | Werner, Magnus, Maximilian |
| ߛߌ | von Braun |
| ߟߊ߲߬ߔߊ߰ߛߌ߬ ߡߐߟߐ߲ | baron |
| ߕߐ߮ ߞߣߊ ߘߐ߫ | ヴェルナー・フォン・ブラウン |
| ߡߏߦߌ߫ ߕߎߡߊ | ߂߃ ߕߙߊߓߊ 1912 |
| ߡߏߦߌ߫ ߦߌߟߊ | Wyrzysk |
| ߛߦߊ߬ ߕߎߡߘߊ | ߁߆ ߥߊ߬ߛߌ߬ߥߙߊ 1977 |
| ߛߊ߬ߦߊ ߞߍ߫ ߦߌߟߊ | Alexandria |
| ߛߊ߬ߦߊ ߞߍߢߊ | ߛߎ߲ߞߎ߲ ߛߊߓߎ |
| ߛߊ߬ߦߊ ߞߎ߲߭ | ߕߐ߬ߜߍ ߥߊ߲߬ߞߏ߲߬ߖߊ߲ߞߊߙߏ, ߓߌߢߍ ߥߊ߲߬ߞߏ߲߬ߓߣߊ |
| ߞߊߓߙߎ | Ivy Hill Cemetery |
| ߊ߬ ߝߊ߬ | ߡߊߢߎߛ ߝ߭ߐ߲߫ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫ |
| ߊ߬ ߣߊ߫ | Emmy von Braun |
| ߓߊߘߋ߲ߡߊ ߟߎ߬ | Magnus von Braun, Sigismund von Braun |
| ߝߘߎߡߊ | Maria von Braun |
| ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ | Margrit von Braun |
| ߞߊ߲ | ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߞߊ߲, ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌ߬ߟߋ߬ߞߊ߲ |
| ߊ߬ ߟߊߥߛߎ߫ ߦߙߐ | Kransberg Castle |
| ߓߊ߯ߙߘߊ | physicist, military flight engineer, non-fiction writer, inventor, ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߮ |
| Field of work | aerospace engineering |
| ߓߊ߮ߙߊ߫ ߘߌߦߊ | United States Army, ߣߊߛ߭ߐ߲ߣߊߟ ߊߋߙߣߏߕߌߞ ߍ߲ߘ ߛߑߔߋߛ ߊߘߑߡߣߌߛߕߑߙ߭ߋߛ߭ߐ߲߬, Fairchild, ߥߍߤߑߡߊߗ, Waffenamt |
| ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ ߦߌߟߊ | ETH Zurich, Technische Universität Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Französisches Gymnasium Berlin, Hermann Lietz-Schule Spiekeroog |
| ߖߊ߯ߓߘߊ ߖߐ߲ߓߐ߲ | Doctor of Philosophy in Physics |
| ߞߎߡߘߊߞߎ߲ (ߕߍߛ) ߗߋߕߌ߮ | Erich Schumann |
| Student of | Hermann Oberth, Paul Hindemith |
| ߡߊߞߍߦߌߟߊ | ߥߊߛ߭ߌ߲ߕߐ߲߬ ߘߌ߭ ߛߌ߬, ߓߍߙߑߟߍ߲߫, Huntsville, Peenemünde, Alexandria |
| ߞߙߎߞߊ | Nazi Party |
| ߣߊߡߎ߲ | Lutheranism, Evangelicalism |
| ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ߒ߬ߘߐ߬ߟߌ ߟߎ߫ | ߔߋߔߊߞߟߌߔ ߘߐ߬ߓߛߏ߬ߟߌ |
| ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߖߟߊ | Sturmbannführer |
| ߝߐߢߐ߲߯ߞߐ | ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ |
| ߛߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߡߊ߬ߘߋ߲߬ | Schutzstaffel |
| ߘߐ߲߬ߞߟߌ߬ߟߊ ߡߎ߬ߙߊ߲߬ ߓߟߏߦߊߣߍ߲ | cello, piano |
| ߛߓߍߞߘߐ ߟߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ | ETH Zurich University Archives |
| ߡߍ߲ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߘߌ߫ | Schutzstaffel |
| ߣߌ߬ߣߌ߬ߟߌ ߛߊߓߎ | Hermann Oberth, Jules Verne |
| Described at URL | http://www.digiporta.net/index.php?id=702193497, http://www.digiporta.net/index.php?id=177375249, http://www.digiporta.net/index.php?id=236714831, http://www.digiporta.net/index.php?id=894524075 |
| Depicted by | Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program that Brought Nazi Scientists to America, The Secret Operation To Bring Nazi Scientists To America, How Historians Are Reckoning With the Former Nazi Who Launched America's Space Program, Wernher von Braun |
| Copyright status as a creator | works protected by copyrights |
ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߋ߬ߥߎ߬ߣߍ߲߬ߞߋߥߎ ߓߊߖߎߡߊ ߘߌ߫ ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ [߁]ߕߎ߬ߡߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߛߘߊ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߣߴߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߓߌ߬ߢߍ߬ߞߎߟߎ߲߫ ߛߎ߯ߦߊ ߝ߭ߋ߭߂ ߛߋ߫ ߘߴߊ߬ ߜߊ߲߫ ߠߊ߫߸ ߘߐ߬ߝߐ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߕߊ (ߡߛߌߟ) ߓߊߟߑߕߌߞ ߝߟߐߡߊ: ߙߍߌߛ߭ ߃߲ ߠߊ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߌ߰ߟߌ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߖߟߊ ߍߛ.ߍߛ-,ߛߑߕߎߙߡߑߓߊ߲ߣߑߝߎߙߍߙ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߫. ߊ߬ ߟߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߴߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ ߞߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߴߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߬ߦߊ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߁߉߅߅ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߟߐ߬ߘߎ߮ ߞߟߊ߬ߥߟߎ ߟߋ߬ ߢߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ߢߍ߬ߞߎߟߎ߲ ߠߊߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߜߋ߲ߜߋ߲߫ ߡߍ߲ ߞߴߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߘߍ߬ߡߍ߲߬ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߞߐ߲ߛߐ߲ߧߊߟߌ ߡߊ߬. ߁߉߃߀ ߟߊ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߴߊ߬ ߛߊ߲߬ ߁߈ ߦߋ߫߸ ߥߍߡߑߤߍߙ ߝ߭ߐ߫ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫ ߘߏ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߛߊ߲ߡߊߛߓߍߞߏ ߞߙߎ ߝ߭ߙߋߌ߲ߣ ߝߎ߳ߙ ߙߏߡߛߑߗߌߝߊߤߙߕ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߖߊ߬ߙߌ߬ߒ߬ߕߋ߬ߦߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ߢߍ߬ߞߎߟߎ߲߫ ߘߋ߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߫ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊ߫. ߛߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߣߐ߬ߝߍ߬ߜߍ߲߫ ߞߐߘߌ߯ߟߊ߲ ߕߌߙߌ߲ߠߌ߲ ߘߊߞߘߐ߫ ߍߙߑߜ߭ߐߟ ߖߌ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߘߌ߬ߢߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߃߂ ߟߊ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߘߏ߲߬ ߓߊߟߌߛߑߕߌߞ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ ߘߐ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߡߙߊ߬ߡߊ߬ߝߋ߲߬ߞߏ ߗߋߘߊ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߡߙߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߥߊߟߑߕߊ߫ ߘߐ߲ߓߍߙߑߗ߭ߍߙ ߓߟߏ߫: ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߘߋߙߌߘߊ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߟߊ߫ ߛߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ߢߍ߬ߞߎ߬ߟߎ߲߬ ߕߌߙߌ߲ߠߌ߲ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߌ߰ߦߊ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬߸ ߡߍ߲ ߞߐߘߌ߯ ߕߐ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߋߙߑߜ߭ߐߟ ߖߌ߫ ߥߋ߲ߛߋ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߞߊ߬ ߘߍ߬ߡߍ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ߓߊ߫ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߣߊ߲߬ߝߟߏ߬ߦߊ߬ߟߌ ߡߊ߬ߘߎ߮ ߘߐ߫ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߞߎߕߌ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߓߟߏ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߢߌߣߌ߲߫ ߠߊ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߡߙߊ߬ߡߊ߬ߝߋ߲߫ ߡߊ߬ߞߊߝߏ ߡߊ߬ ߊߘߐߟߝ ߤߌߕߑߟߍߙ ߦߟߍ߬ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ ߟߊ߫ ߁߉߃߃ ߓߌ߲ߠߊߥߎߟߋ߲ ߠߊ߫. ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߲߬ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߛߋߒߞߏߟߦߊ ߘߐ߬ߓߛߏ߬ߟߊ߬ߦߊ ߢߍߦߊ ߡߊ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߋ߬ߥߎ߬ߣߍ߲߬ߞߋ߬ߥߎ߬ ߛߘߍ ߟߎ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ߢߍ߬ߞߎߟߎ߲߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ߬ߡߊ ߡߊߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߕߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߊ߬ ߊ߁ ߡߊ߬ ߞߴߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ ߊ߄ ߠߊ߫. ߞߐ߯ߟߕߊ ߏ߬ ߖߌߘߊ߲ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߙߌߕߌ߫ (ߕߐߣߌ߲߫) ߕߊ߲ߣߌߛߓߊ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߟߊߘߊ߲ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߕߊ߯ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬ ߞߎߘߍ߫ ߗߍ߬ߡߍ߫ ߛߊ߬ߓߊ߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߟߊߘߊ߲ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߥߟߌ߬ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬ ߓߊߟߌߛߑߕߌߞ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߕߊ ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߖߛߐߟߊ߲ ߞߌߘߊ߫ ߗߡߍ߬ ߛߋ߯ߦߌ߲߫ ߕߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߴߊ߬ ߘߴߊ߬ ߝߍ߬. ߏ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߜߊ߲ߠߌ߲߫ ߝߟߐߝߟߐ ߞߍ߫ ߁߉߄߂ ߟߋ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߢߍߕߊ߯ߟߌ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߫߸ ߊ߬ ߟߊߒߡߊߟߌ ߘߐ߫ ߓߌ߬ߢߍ߬ߞߎߟߎ߲߫ ߟߊߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߡߊ߬ ߝߏ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߴߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ ߓߌ߬ ߟߊ߫. ߓߌ߬ߢߍ߬ߞߎߟߎ߲ ߏ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߝ߭ߋ߂ ߕߐ߮ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ߞߊ߬ߛߊ߲߬ߞߊ߬ ߡߐߙߐ߲ߘߐߣߍ߲ ߓߐߒߣߘߐߕߊ ߟߋ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߥߊ߯ ߦߙߌߞߊ ߟߊߝߟߌ߬ ߓߙߌߕߊ߲ߓߊ߫ ߣߊ߲ߕߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߞߊ߲߬ ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߛߊ߲߬ ߠߊ߬ߓߊ߲߫ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߊ߮ ߞߘߐ߫߸ ߒ߬ߞߊ߬ ߦߙߐ߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߡߊߕߍ߰ߓߊߟߌߦߊ ߣߌ߫ ߥߊ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ ߝߊ߲ߞߊ ߕߎ߲߬ ߘߛߍߣߍ߲߫ ߊ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߡߊ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߣߌ߬ߣߌ߬ߟߌ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߠߊ߫ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߓߐ߲ߘߊ߫ ߞߏ ߘߐ߫. ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߗߌߙߏ߲ߣߍ߲ ߔߋߔߊߞߟߌߔ ߘߐ߬ߓߛߏ߬ߟߌ ߝߍ߬߸ ߥߍ߲߲ߤߍߙ ߝߐ߲߭ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫ ߝ߭ߋ߂ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߮ ߞߋ߬ߥߎ߬ߣߍ߲߬ߞߋ߬ߥߎ߬ ߓߊߖߎߡߊ ߡߍ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߘߴߊ߬ ߟߊߘߊ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߛߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߡߊ߬ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߞߵߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߕߐ߬ߡߐ߲߫. ߝ߭ߐ߲ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߛߘߍ ߘߏ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ ߓߊߖߎߡߊ ߟߎ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ ߘߌ߫. ߁߉߅߀ ߘߊߡߌߣߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߝ߭ߐ߲߫ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫ ߠߊ߫ ߛߘߍ ߟߎ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߡߊߞߍ߫ ߤߐ߲ߕߛߑߝ߭ߌߟ߸ ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߫ ߛߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߡߊ߬ߘߋ߲ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߞߟߍ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߊߟߌߛߑߕߌߞ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߕߊ ߝߟߐ ߟߊߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ߫. ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߜߊ߬ߛߊ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߁߉߅߀ ߞߎ߲߬ߝߊ߮ ߟߊ߫߸ ߛߘߍ ߞߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ߢߍ߬ߞߎߟߎ߲ ߖߎߣߏ߫ ߁߭ ߟߊߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߞߴߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߐߓߌߟߊ߫ ߟߊߘߊ߲ߣߍ߲߫ ߝߟߐ߫ ߛߏ߲߯ߓߟߊ ߁߭ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߫ ߞߊߡߊ߲ ߘߐ߫. ߓߟߏߡߊߞߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߟߊ߲ ߡߊߟߐ߲߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߖߋ߬ߓߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߟߊ ߘߌ߫ ߡߊߙߑߛ߭ߊߟ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ߬ ߜߊ߲ߠߌ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߛߌ߲ߘߌ߫ ߘߴߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߖߋ߬ߕߌ߰ߘߊ (ߣߖ߭ߊ) ߓߟߏ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ߢߍ߬ߞߎ߬ߟߎ߲߬ ߛߊߕߐ߲ߣ ߝߊ߬ߓߏ߲ ߠߊߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ߫. ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߟߐ߬ߘߎ߯ ߥߟߊߞߌ ߟߋ߬ ߢߊ߬ ߛߊߕߐ߲ߣ ߅߲ ߟߊߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ ߘߐ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߛߊߓߎ߫ ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߊߙߏ߫ ߞߊ߲߫ ߦߟߍ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ ߊߔߟߏ߫ ߢߍߥߟߊ ߘߐ߫. ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߢߍߥߟߊ ߝߛߎߞߎ ߘߐߖߐ߲߬ߛߐߣߍ߲߸ ߊ߬ ߓߐ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߣߖ߭ߊ ߘߐ߫ ߘߎ߲߬ߘߎ߬ߡߊ߬ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬ ߁߉߇߂ ߟߊ߫. ߕߍߓߊ߯ߦߊ߫ ߢߣߊߓߊ߬ߛߊ߲߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߣߴߊ߬ ߢߊߥߙߍߡߊ ߟߋ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߝ߭ߐ߲߫ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫ ߠߊ߫ ߣߊߖ߭ߌ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߏ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߢߣߊ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߛߊ߲ߘߐߕߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߢߊ ߘߏ߫ ߡߊ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߟߐ߬ߘߎ߯ ߞߟߊ߬ߟߊ߬ߡߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߢߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߊ߬ ߡߊ߫ ߟߊߘߌߦߊߢߍ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߛߋߞߏߦߌߘߊ ߞߏߛߐ߲߬. ߊ߬ ߕߴߛߋ߫ ߞߐߢߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߟߴߏ߬ ߟߋ ߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߝߊ߬ߟߌ߬ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߞߏߛߐ߲߬ ߟߊ߬ߘߊߙߏ ߘߐ߫ ߝ߭ߋ߂ ߟߊߘߊ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߘߏߙߊ߫ ߘߎ߰ߖߎ߬ߞߘߐ߬ߓߏ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߡߐ߰ ߥߊ߯ ߦߙߌߞߊ ߛߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߛߋ߲߭ߝߍ߬.
ߘߋߣߍ߲ߦߊ
[ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ | ߊ߬ ߛߎ߲ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬]ߥߍߙߣߑߤߍߙ ߡߊߢߎߛ ߡߊߞߛߌߡߌߟߌߦߊ߲߫ ߝߑߙߋߌߤߍߙ ߝ߭ߐ߲߫ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫ ߡߏߦߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߥߌߙߑߛߌߕ (ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ ߠߋ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߓߌ߬) ߟߋ߬߸ ߔߏߛߑߣߊߣߌ߫ ߕߌ߲߬ߞߎߘߎ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߡߍ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ ߘߐ߫ ߥߊ߯ߕߌ ߏ߬ ߟߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߊߙߌߛߌߕߏߞߙߊߕߌ߫ ߘߋ߲ߓߦߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߘߋ߲ߞߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ (ߓߊߙߐ߲ߦߊ\ߝߑߙߋߌߤߍߙ) ߡߐ߬ߟߐ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߓߟߏ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߝߊ߬ ߡߊߢߎߛ ߝߑߙߋߌߤߍߙ ߝ߭ߐ߲߫ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫ (߁߈߇߈-߁߉߇߂) ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߗߋߘߊߕߌ߮ ߛߊ߲ߘߐߕߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߛߍ߬ߣߍ ߞߏߕߌ߮ ߟߊ߫ ߛߓߍߘߊ ߟߊ߫ ߥߋߌߡߊߙ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲ ߞߣߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߣߊ߫ ߋߡߌ ߝ߭ߐ߲߫ ߞߎߌߛߑߕߐߙߔ (߁߈߈߆-߁߉߅߉) ߓߐߛߎ߲ ߖߟߐ߬ߞߐ߬ ߖߊ߲߫ ߠߋ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߊߙߌߛߌߕߏߞߙߊߕߌߦߊ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߡߐ߬ߟߐ߲߬ ߢߌߡߊ߫ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߛߊ߯ߘߊ߫ ߝߟߐ ߣߌ߫ ߛߊ߯ߘߊ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߓߊߏ߬ ߊ߬ ߞߟߊߓߎ ߘߏ߲߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߊ߬ ߝߊ߬ ߓߟߏ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߢߊߓߐߣߍ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߛߎ߲ߞߎ߲ ߟߐ߲ߞߏ ߟߋ߬ ߝߍ߬. ߏ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߝߏ߬ߣߊ߲߬ߦߋ߬ߟߊ߲߬ ߝߟߐ ߘߴߊ߬ ߡߊ߬. ߥߍߙߣߑߤߍߙ ߝߐ߫ ߓߑߙߐ߲߫ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߘߋ߲ߓߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߓߍߙߑߟߍ߲߫ ߁߉߁߅ ߟߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߊ߬ ߝߊ߬ ߓߘߊ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߞߣߐߟߊ ߞߏߕߌ߮ ߘߌ߫. ߞߊ߬ ߥߍߙߣߑߤߍߙ ߕߏ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ ߁߂ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߖߌ߭ ߛߌ߰ߣߍ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߊߟߌߦߊ߫ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߊ߫ ߡߊߞߛ ߝ߭ߊߟߌߋߙ ߣߌ߫ ߝߑߙߊߌߕߖ߭ ߝ߭ߐ߲߫ ߏߔߍߟ ߟߎ߫ ߓߟߏ߫ ߞߐ߲߬ߛߏ߬ ߞߐߘߌ߯ߕߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߌ߬ߢߍ߬ߞߎߟߎ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߏ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߘߐ ߘߏ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߛߌߟߊ߫ ߖߌ߰ߣߌ߬ߦߟߍ߬ߟߊ߬ߓߊ ߘߏ߫ ߞߊ߲߬ ߡߣߊ߫ ߞߐ߲ߛߏ ߘߏ߫ ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߊ߬ ߓߘߊ߫ ߕߊ߫ ߟߊߕߏߟߏ߲ߕߊ (ߝߋ ߘߴߊߙߑߕߝߌߛߍߟ) ߘߏ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߓߌ߬ߟߵߏ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߥߎ߬ߛߎ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ ߛߎ߬ߘߎ߲߬ߧߊ߫ ߕߐ߲ߓߟߏߡߦߊ ߘߐ߫. ߥߍߙߣߑߤߍߙ ߦߋ߫ ߘߐ߲߬ߞߟߌ߬ߟߊ߬ߟߊ߬ ߘߝߊߓߊߟߌ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߓߟߏߓߘߎ ߣߌ߫ ߘߊ߲߬ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߝߐ (violoncelle) ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߝߣߴߊ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ (mémoire Bach) ߣߌ߫ (Beethoven) ߟߎ߫ ߝߐ߫ ߟߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߘߐ߲߬ߞߟߌ߬ ߛߏ߰ߙߏ߬ߟߊ߫ (compositeur) ߔߏߟ ߤߌ߲ߘߋߡߌߕ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߊ ߥߟߊ߬ߘߊ ߕߊ߬ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߐ߲߬ߞߟߌ߬ ߛߏ߰ߙߏ߬ߟߊ ߘߌ߫ ߥߛߎ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߞߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߘߏ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߣߊ߬ߘߋ߲߬ߘߊ߮ (internat) ߟߊ߫ ߁߉߂߆ ߟߊ߫ ߋߌߕߍߙߛߑߓߎߙߜ߭߸ ߥߋߌߡߊߙ ߕߙߐߝߍ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߦߟߌߣߐ ߕߍߡߕߊ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߠߋ ߘߡߊ߬ߟߐ߲ ߣߌ߫ ߘߐ߬ߞߏ ߟߎ߫ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߛߊ߲ߡߊߛߓߍ ߛߌߟߊߓߐߛߐ߯ߣߊ߫ ߤߍߙߑߡߊ߲ߣ ߏߓߍߙߕ ߟߊ߫ ߞߝߊ߬ ߘߊߌ߫ ߙߏߞߍߕ ߖ߭ߎ߫ ߛߍ߲߫ ߔߑߟߊߣߍߕ (ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߖߊ߯ߓߊߟߌߕߍ߫ ߓߌߢߍߞߎߟߎ߲) ߛߊ߲߬ ߦߋ߲߬ ߠߋ߫. ߁߉߂߈ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߡߏߦߌߓߊ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊߘߏ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߣߊ߬ߘߋ߲߬ߘߊ߮ ߤߍߙߑߡߊ߲ߣ ߟߌߍߕߖ߭ ߟߊ߫ ߛߑߔߊߌߞߍߙߎߜ߭ ߕߌ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߦߋ߲߬ ߡߍ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߝߑߙߌߛ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߐ ߕߌ߲ߖߡߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫.