ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ
ߞߙߊߞߏ:Semi-protection longue ߞߙߊߞߏ:Nom protégé
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| ߟߊߝߟߐߕߎߡߊ | ߁߅ ߓߌ߲ߠߊߥߎߟߋ߲ 2001  |
|---|---|
| Title | Wikipedia |
| ߛߓߍߛߎ߲߫ ߞߊ߲ߡߊߛߙߋߡߊ ߖߊ߯ߓߡߊ ߓߊߦߟߍߡߊ߲ | weɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ kʰɤ⁵⁵, ˌwikiˈpɛdʒiɐ |
| ߊ߬ ߕߐ߮ ߡߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ߣߍ߲߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߝߍ߬ | wiki, ߔߘߋߞߎ |
| ߖߎ߬ߕߍ߰ߓߊ߮ | Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger |
| ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ | ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ |
| ߡߍ߲ ߕߊ߫ ߦߋ߫ | Wikimedia Foundation |
| Headquarters location | San Francisco |
| ߢߍߓߌߟߊ | Nupedia |
| ߓߐߞߏߣߊ߲ | Wikipedia language edition, Sylheti Wikipedia, ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߟߍ߬ߞߊ߲ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ |
| ߘߊ߲ߓߊ | Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger, Wikimedia community |
| ߛߓߍߦߟߊ | Wikipedia community, Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger |
| Editor | Wikipedia community |
| ߟߊߥߙߎߞߌߓߊ߮ | Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger |
| Platform | LAMP, Vinyl |
| ߊ߬ ߓߐߖߎ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ | ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ |
| ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߌ߰ ߞߊ߲ | ߞߊ߲߫ ߥߙߍ ߟߎ߬ |
| Review score | 1.7/5 (Poor) |
| ߞߐ߲ߘߐ߲߫ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ߣߍ߲ | Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation, FSF Free Software Award for Projects of Social Benefit, Grimme Online Award, Erasmus Prize |
| Mascot | Wikipede |
| ߘߐ߬ߓߛߏ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ | Wikimedia Foundation, Equinix, Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering |
| ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ | academic studies about Wikipedia |
| Product or material produced | online encyclopedia |
| Software engine | MediaWiki |
| ߢߍߥߟߊߦߊߟߌ߫ ߞߊ߲ | PHP |
| Issue tracker URL | https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ |
| Official app | Wikipedia app, Wikipedia Beta |
| ߓߟߐߟߐ | https://wikipedia.org/ |
| Terms of service URL | https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use |
| Privacy policy URL | https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Privacy_policy, https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy/ar |
| Described at URL | https://www.cnet.com/reviews/wikipedia-review/ |
| External data available at URL | https://dumps.wikimedia.org/ |
| Official shop URL | https://store.wikimedia.org/ |
| FAQ URL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Main |
| Website account on | Linkin.bio |
| Hashtag | Wikipedia |
| ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ ߖߏ߲߬ߖߏ߲ | flag of Wikipedia |
| ߊ߬ ߘߎ߲߬ߘߎ߲߬ߡߦߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ | reliability of Wikipedia, deletionism in Wikipedia |
| ߘߐ߬ߝߐ | history of Wikipedia |
| ߥߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߞߌ | Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International |
| Copyright status | copyrighted |
| ߟߥߊߟߌߟߊ߫ | Wikipedian |
| Complies with | Digital Public Goods Standard |
| Business model | donation |
| API endpoint URL | https://api.wikimedia.org/feed/, https://wikipedia.org/w/api.php |
| Service status information URL | https://www.wikimediastatus.net |
| Stack Exchange tag | https://stackoverflow.com/tags/wikipedia |
| ߛߙߍߘߍ ߦߋ߫ | bibliography of Wikipedia |
| Search formatter URL | https://wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=$1 |
| DuckDuckGo bang | w |
ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߦߋ߫ ߖߊ߯ߓߊߞߊ߲ߞߋ߫ ߔߘߋߞߎ ߞߊ߲ߥߙߍߡߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߛߌ߲ߘߌߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߖߌ߬ߡߌ ߥߋߟߌߛ ߣߌ߫ ߟߊߙߌ ߛߋ߲ߜ߭ߊ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߓߟߏ߫ ߓߌ߲ߠߊߥߎߟߋ߲ ߁߅, ߂߀߂߁ ߠߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߞߍߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߦߴߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊߣߐ߫ ߟߊߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߓߍ߯ ߞߊ߲ߠߊߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߛߓߍߟߌ ߘߐ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߞߊ߲߬. ߞߊ߬ ߥߞߌ ߡߊߡߙߊ߬ ߓߟߐߟߐ߫ ߞߍߦߙߐ wikipedia.org ߘߐ߫ ߡߋߘߌߦߊߥߞߌ ߟߥߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ߲ ߛߘߊ߫ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߟߐߟߐ߫ ߛߏ߲߯ߓߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߓߍ߯ ߟߊߘߌ߬ߢߍ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߎߡߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߛߓߍ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߡߊ߬ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬. ߛߊ߲߬ ߘߊ߲ߘߐ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߊ߮ ߞߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߔߘߋߞߎ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߡߊ߬ߛߐ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ ߣߴߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߡߊ߬ߝߟߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߞߊߓߋ ߟߊ߫.[߁]
ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߊ߲ ߠߊߓߊ߯ߙߊߣߍ߲ ߝߟߐߡߊ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߝߣߊ߫ ߞߎߡߘߊ ߞߋ߲߬ߥߟߎ߬ ߥߐ߯ߙߐ߫ ߣߌ߫ ߞߐ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌߟߋ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߞߊ߲߬ ߂߀߂߀ ߘߊߡߌߣߊ߫ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊ߫. ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߘߊߦߟߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߕߙߊߓߊ ߂߃ ߟߋ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߂߀߀߁ ߠߊ߫߸ ߞߎߡߘߊ߫ ߞߋ߲߬ߥߟߎ߫ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߫ ߣߌ߫ ߞߐ߫ ߦߴߏ߬ ߝߣߊ߫ ߞߊ߲߬ ߊ߬ߟߋ߬ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߘߊ߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲ ߠߊ߫. ߞߊ߲߫ ߃߀߀ ߣߌ߫ ߞߐ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߥߞߌߡߋߘߌߦߊ ߞߊ߲߬ ߕߊ߲߬߸ ߟߊ߲ߞߣߍߡߢߊ߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߡߊ߬߸ ߒ߬ߞߊ߬ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߞߣߐߘߐ ߟߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߝߘߏ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߢߐ߲߮ ߡߊ߬.
ߘߐ߬ߝߐ
[ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ | ߊ߬ ߛߎ߲ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬]
߂߀߀߀ ߕߙߊߓߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߓߐߡߌߛ ߞߏߟߊߘߍ ߟߊ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߡߊ߬ߞߟߐ ߞߐ߬ߣߐߡߊ߬߸ ߓߊߏ߬ ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߏ߬ ߥߊߟߌߢߐ߲߫ (Actionnaires) ߓߊߖߎߡߊ ߘߌ߫߸ ߖߌ߬ߡߌ ߥߋߟߌߛ ߞߊ߬ ߔߘߋߞߎ ߘߏ߫ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߛߌ߬ߕߊߙߌ ߟߊ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߞߟߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߣߎߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߡߍ߲ ߞߣߐߘߐ ߟߎ߬ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߣߎߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߏߔߌ߲ ߞߐ߲ߕߍ߲ߕ ߟߊ߫ ߕߌ߰ߦߊ (Licence) ߞߐ߬ߣߐߡߊ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߓߐߡߌߛ ߕߏ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߏߔߌߙߊߌߕ (copyright) ߕߣߐ߬ߓߐ߬ߓߊ߰ߦߊ ߟߊ߫. ߟߊߙߌ ߛߋ߲ߜ߭ߊ߬ ߟߊߕߘߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߥߊߟߌߘߊ ߏ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߛߓߍߦߟߊ߫ ߞߎ߲ߕߌ߮ ߘߌ߫. ߓߊߏ߬ ߣߎߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߣߌ߫ ߟߐ߲ߞߏߕߌ߯ ߘߍߘߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫߸ ߞߎߡߘߊ ߦߙߌߞߊ ߟߊ߫ ߛߋ߲߬ߕߊ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߎߡߊߡߊ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫. ߓߌ߲ߠߊߥߎߟߋ߲ ߂߈, ߂߀߀߁ ߠߊ߫߸ ߟߊߙߌ ߛߋ߲ߜ߭ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߢߍߥߟߊߦߟߊ ߓߍ߲ߣ ߞߙߏߝ߭ߌߕߖ߭ ߞߎߡߊߢߐ߲߯ߦߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߊ߬ ߥߞߌ ߞߣߐߞߍߞߏ ߝߴߊ߬ ߢߍ߫. ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߲߬ ߣߎߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߟߊ߫ ߢߍߛߐߘߐ߲ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߎߡߦߊ ߢߊߞߍߟߌ ߡߊ߬߸ ߟߊߙߌ ߛߋ߲ߜ߭ߊ߬ ߝߣߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߖߌ߬ߡߌ ߥߋߟߌߛ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߞߌ ߟߊߘߊ߲߫ ߡߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ ߕߦߊ ߝߘߏ߬ߓߊ߬ߡߊ ߟߊ߫ ߛߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߎߡߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߡߊߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߟߌ ߣߴߊ߬ ߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ ߟߎ߬ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߕߋߙߌߦߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߥߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߘߊߡߌߣߊߟߌ߫ ߡߊߕߍ߰ߣߍ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߓߌ߲ߠߊߥߎߟߋ߲ ߁߅, ߂߀߀߁ ߠߊ߫.
ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߝߐߓߏߟߏ߲ߟߐߘߐߦߊ ߓߟߏߡߊ߬߸ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߕߐ߮ ߦߋ߫ ߞߎߡߊߘߋ߲߫ ߠߊߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߓߐߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߞߎߡߊߘߋ߲߫ ߝߘߏ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߘߟߊߘߍ߯ߟߌ ߘߐ߫; ߥߞߌ߸ ߏ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߟߐߟߐ߫ ߞߐߜߍ߫ ߞߏߟߊߘߍߢߐ߲߮ ߛߎ߯ߦߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ (ߞߊ߬ ߝߘߊ߫ ߤߥߊߌߞߊ߫ ߞߎߡߊߘߋ߲ ߥߞߌߥߞߌ ߟߊ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߞߘߐ ߦߋ߫ «ߞߊߟߌߦߊ» ߘߌ߫), ߡߍ߲ ߦߴߊ߬ ߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߔߘߋߞߎ ߞߍߕߐ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߟߢߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߎ߲߬ߞߊߟߌ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߊߞߘߐ߫ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ ߓߍ߯߸ ߞߊ߬ ߓߊ߲߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߞߍ߲߬ߘߍ߬ߦߊ ߘߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߘߊߞߘߐ߫߸ ߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߝߣߊ߫ ߓߐߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߜ߭ߙߍ߬ߞߌ߬ ߞߎߡߊߘߋ߲ (), ߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߞߘߐ ߦߋ߫ «ߟߐ߲ߠߌ߲» ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ «ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲» ߘߌ߫. ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߰ ߞߎߘߊ ߏ߬ ߞߊߡߊ߲߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߞߟߏߘߋ߲ (ߛߓߍߟߌ) ߟߎ߬ ߡߊߛߐߟߌ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߢߊ߫ ߓߟߏߕߍ߰ߓߊߟߌ ߡߊ߬߸ ߡߍ߲ ߞߍ߫ ߕߐ߫ ߦߴߊ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߛߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߣߎߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߡߊߛߐ߫ ߞߐ ߟߊ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߥߣߊ߬ ߘߍߘߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߛߍ߲ߛߍ߲ߠߌ߲ ߛߌߟߊ ߝߍ߬.
ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ ߛߌ߲ߘߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߓߟߏߡߞߊߓߟߏߡߊ߬ ߕߙߊߓߊ ߂߃, ߂߀߀߁ ߠߊ߫. ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߥߞߌߡߋߘߌߦߊ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ߫ ߝߟߐߝߟߐ ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߲߫ ߜߘߍ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߣߌ߫ ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌ߬ߟߋ߬ߞߊ߲ ߕߍ߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ ߕߊ ߣߌ߫ ߞߕߊߟߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߎ߲߰ ߏ߬ ߟߊ߫. ߒ߬ߓߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߊ߬ ߥߊ߯ߕߌ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߡߊ߬ ߛߊ߫߸ ߟߊߙߌ ߛߋ߲ߜ߭ߊ߬ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߡߊ߬ߛߊ߲߬ߜߊ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ ߓߟߏߡߊ߬ ߣߎߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߣߌ߫ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߐ߯ߟߕߊ ߏ߬ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊߟߌ ߛߙߊߕߌ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߟߊߘߊ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߤߊߞߟߌ ߣߴߊ߬ ߝߙߍ߫ ߘߐ߫. ߂߀߀߂ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߜߍ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߘߐߕߟߊߟߌ ߣߎߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߣߌ߫ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߕߍ ߏ߬ ߖߏ߰ߛߌ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߲߬ ߝߛߎߞߎ߫ ߟߊߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߡߊ߬ ߓߐߡߌߛ ߢߍ߫; ߏ߬ ߞߐߝߟߌ ߞߏߛߐ߲߬߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߐ߬ ߓߙߐߕߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߮ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ ߘߊߞߘߐ߫ ߕߙߊߓߊ ߕߟߋ߬ ߁߭, ߂߀߀߂ ߟߊ߫ ߜߍߘߐ߫ ߔߊߞߌߛߊ߫. ߂߀߀߃ ߟߊ߫߸ ߣߎߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߟߊ߫ ߢߍߕߊ߮ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊߛߎߡߦߊ߫ ߘߊ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߦߋ߫ ߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ ߞߊ߲߬ ߞߊߟߌߦߊ ߛߎ߮ ߓߍ߯ ߘߏ߫ ߘߐ߫.ߕߎߟߊߝߌ߲ ߂߆, ߂߀߀߃ ߟߊ߫߸ ߣߎߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߘߊߕߎ߲߯ ߘߊ߫ ߞߏߟߌߞߏߟߌ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߍ ߊ߬ ߞߣߐߘߐ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߦߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߞߣߐ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߦߙߌߥߊߟߌ ߣߐ߬ߝߍ߬ߜߍ߲ ߞߊ߲߬. ߟߊߙߌ ߛߋ߲ߜ߭ߊ߬ ߕߊ߫ ߝߐߟߌ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߣߎߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߟߊ߫ ߗߌߙߏ߲ߠߌ߲ ߡߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߝߐ߰ߓߍ߬ߞߊ߲ߞߋ (éditoriale) ߜߌߟߌߡߊ߲߫ ߓߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߞߍߓߊߟߌߦߊ ߞߊ߬ ߛߋ߲߬ߘߐ߫ ߛߓߍߦߟߊ ߘߏ߫ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬.
ߥߊ߬ߛߌ߬ߥߙߊ ߂߀, ߂߀߀߃ ߟߊ߫߸ ߥߞߌߡߋߘߌߦߊ ߝߐ߲ߘߊߛ߭ߐ߲ ߛߌ߲ߘߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߛߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߛߋߒߞߏߟߦߊ ߣߊ߲߬ߝߟߏ߬ߦߊ߫
ߖߌ߬ߡߌ ߥߋߟߌߛ ߞߵߊ߬ ߛߋ߲߬ߕߘߍ߬ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߞߎߡߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌߟߋ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߟߊ߫ ߂߀߀߅ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߌ߬ߓߊ߬ߙߏ߬ߦߊ ߟߎ߫ ߢߌ߬ߣߊ߬ߓߐ߫ ߊ߬߫ ߘߐ߫ ߟߊ߬ߙߌ ߛߋ߲ߜ߭ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߛߌ߲ߘߌߢߐ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߓߊߏ߬ ߛߋ߲ߜ߭ߊ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߛߙߊ߬ߕߊ߬ߟߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߤߊ߲߯ ߓߌ߬. ߒ߬ߓߊ߬ ߖߊ߲߬ߖߏ߲ ߏ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌ߬ߟߋ߬ߞߊ߲ ߝߐ߰ߓߍ߬ߞߊ߲ߞߋ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߎߡߘߊ ߥߙߍߓߊߓߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߡߊ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߝߊ߬ߥߏߏ߬
ߟߊ߬ߘߍ߰ ߅߲ (SYmPosium) ߝߍ߬ ߓߟߐߟߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߝߐ߯ߓߍ߫ ߜߙߊ ߝߍ߬߸ ߖߐߣߊ߬ߕߊ߲ ߘߌ߯ ߣߌߥߦ ߦߐߙߞ ߕߊߌߡ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߊ߲ߘߙߌߥ ߟߌߤ ߟߎ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߢߊ߬ߕߣߐ ߞߏߝߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߝߌ߬ߛߊ߬ߡߊ߲߬ߕߋ߬ߦߊ ߔߘߋߞߎߦߊ ߡߊ߬ߘߎ߮ ߘߐ߫ ߏ߬ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߕߍ߫ ߘߋ߬߸ ߊ߬߫ ߣߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߝߐߞߎߘߦߊ ߓߐߖߎߦߊ ߡߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߟߊߞߎߘߦߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߥߊ߯ߕߌ ߟߎ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߢߐ߲߯ ߕߍ߫ ߛߐ߲߬. ߖߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲߬ߘߐ߬ߟߌ
߂߀߁߇ ߟߊ߫߸ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ߫ ߞߏߟߊߘߍ ߡߍ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊߛ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߛߣߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߡߊ߬ߛߐ߬ߟߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߟߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߟߌ ߘߏ߫ ߛߌ߰ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊ߫ ߛߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߐ߬ߝߍ߬ ߞߊ߲߬ ߛߋߟߌ ߡߊߓߍ߲߬ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫.
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ߝߙߍ߬ ߜߘߍ߫ ߛߌߦߊߡߊ߲ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߝߣߊ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߔߘߋߞߎ ߡߊߝߟߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߓߟߐߟߐ ߟߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߝߣߊ߫ ߓߘߊ߫ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߫ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊ߫߸ ߦߏ߫ ߓߟߐߟߐ߫ ߞߍߦߙߐ߫ ߘߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߙߋ ߟߎ߬ (sites web miroirs)߸ ߢߎߡߍߙߋ߲߫ ߞߍߟߊ߲߫ ߛߋ߲߭ߕߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲߸ ߥߞߌߙߌߘߊ߬ (wikireader)߸ ߥߟߊ߫ ߛߑߡߊߙߕߑߝߐߣ ߞߍߟߊ߲߫ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫.
ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߊ߬ ߂߀߁߂ ߡߊ߬ ߞߴߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ ߂߀߁߈ ߠߊ߫߸ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߖ߭ߋ߬ߙߏ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߔߘߋߞߎ ߛߋ߫ ߘߴߊ߬ ߥߦߏ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߛߙߊ߬ߓߊߟߌߦߊ ߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߖߘߍ߬ߡߊ߬ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߐ߫.ߛߋ߲߬ߘߐ߬ ߜߋߟߋ߲ߜߋߟߋ߲ ߘߐ߬ߓߛߏ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߟߏߘߏ߲ߢߐ߲߯ߓߟߏ ߟߋ߬ ߞߐ߬ߣߐߡߊ߬ ߛߊ߫߸ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߟߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲ ߛߋ߲߬ߘߐ߫ ߜߋߟߋ߲ߜߋߟߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߡߊ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߘߊ߲ߕߊ߫ ߟߊ߫. ߢߍߥߟߊ ߏ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߟߊߟߐ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߞߵߏ߬ ߛߊߓߎ ߞߍ߫ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߟߊ߫ ߟߊ߬ߥߟߍ߬ߟߌ ߡߊߓߍ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߍߟߊ߲߫ ߛߌߦߊߡߊ߲߫ ߠߎ߫ ߓߍ߲߬ߓߊߟߌߦߊ ߢߐ߲߮ ߡߊ߬.
ߛߋߒߞߏߟߦߊ ߝߍ߬ߙߍ ߟߎ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߡߊ߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲ߠߌ߲ ߕߊ ߟߎ߬ ߢߊߢߌߣߌ߲ߠߌ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߞߌ߬ߓߊ߬ߙߏ߬ߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߟߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߠߊ߫ ߛߌߟߊ߫ ߜߘߍ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߝߍ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߍ߫ ߓߟߐߟߐ߫ (Web) ߘߌ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߮ ߟߐ߬ߞߎ ߘߌ߫ ߝߊ߲߭ ߓߍ߯ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߡߊߟߐ߲߫ ߝߣߊ߫.
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ߊ߬ ߘߐߕߟߊߟߌ ߞߊߦߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߲ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߮ ߞߙߍߞߙߍߣߍ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߐ߰ ߟߎ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߙߍߞߙߍߦߟߊ߫ ߊ߬ ߝߍ߬ߙߍ߫ ߕߎ߲߬ ߕߍ߫ ߡߐ߱ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߧߋ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߜߊ߲߬ߞߎ߲߫ ߓߟߐߟߐ ߟߊ߫. ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌߟߋ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߦߌߟߡߊ ߘߏ߫ ߘߐߓߍ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߊߦߘߌ ߟߎ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߛߋ.ߘߋ-ߙߏߡ (CD-ROM) ߥߟߊ߫ ߘߝ߭ߋߘߋ (DVD) ߟߎ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߂߀߀߃ ߘߓߊ߬ߓߌߟߊ ߟߊ߫ ߖߡߌ ߥߋߟߌߛ ߓߟߏ߫. ߤߊ߲߯ ߞߊ߬ ߥߵߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ ߂߀߁߄ ߠߊ߫߸ ߡߐ߰ ߕߘߍ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߛߴߌ ߢߣߊߣߍ߲߫ ߞߎߡߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߛߎߥߊ߲ߘߌ߫ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߞߊ߲߬ ߞߴߊ߬ ߡߊߞߟߌ߫ «ߞߊ߬ߝߊ» ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߜߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߊ߲߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߘߟߊߘߍ߰ (ߡߍ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߣߌ߫ ߥߞߌߡߋߘߌߦߊ ߜߙߋ߬ߡߊ߬ߕߍ߰ߟߌ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ٪߁߀ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߠߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߊ ߏ߬ ߝߋ߰ߙߋ߬ߟߌ ߟߊߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߐ߫). ߢߊ߬ߙߊ߫ ߡߊߌߞߊߍߟ ߡߊ߲ߘߌ߲ߓߍߙߜ߭ ߞߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߊ߫ ߁߉߆ ߜߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߊ߫ ߇߄߇߃ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߜߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌ߬ߟߋ߬ߞߊ߲ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ ߔߘߋߞߎ ߟߊ߫ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ ߘߐ߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߮ ߘߏ߫ ߞߐ߬ߣߐߡߊ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߞߟߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ «ߔߑߙߍ߲ߕ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ».
ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ ߕߊ߫ ߥߞߌߋߘߌߦߊ ߦߌߟߡߊ ߝߋ߬ߙߋ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߛߘߋ-ߙߏߡ «CD-ROM» ߞߊ߲߬߸ ߏ߬ ߞߐ߫ ߘߝ߭ߋߘߋ ߞߊ߲߬ ߛߊ߲߬ߕߟߊ߬ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߠߊ߫ ߂߀߀߄ ߠߊ߫: ߛߘߋ-ߙߏߡ ߁߀߀߀߀߀ ߝߋ߬ߙߋ ߛߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߘߝߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߂߀߀߅ ߟߋ߬ ߟߊ߫. ߂߀߀߇ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߘߌ߬ߓߌ ߟߊ߫߸ ߞߎߡߘߊ߫ ߂߀߀߀ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߓߊߕߐ߬ߡߐ߲߫ ߘߊ߫ ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌߟߋ ߦߌߟߡߊ ߘߐ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߟߊߖߍ߲ߛߍ߲߫ ߛߘߋ-ߙߏߡ ߞߊ߲߬ ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫ ߞߏߟߊߘߍ ߟߌ߲ߕߍߙߑߥߍߓ «Linterweb» ߓߟߏ߫. ߊ߬ߟߋ߬ ߥߊ߯ߕߌ߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲ ߏ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߡߎߟߍ߲ߥߞߌ߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߮
ߦߟߌߡߊߛߙߋ ߟߎ߬
[ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ | ߊ߬ ߛߎ߲ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬]- ↑ ߞߎߡߘߊ ߣߌ߲߬ ߞߎ߲߬ߝߟߐ ߣߌ߲߬ ߘߟߊߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ ߟߋ߬ ߡߊ߬